Ultra-Processed Foods: Major BMJ Study Reveals Widespread Health Risks—Why Seafood Is a Smarter Choice
A Landmark Study: The Alarming Link Between Ultra-Processed Foods and Health
A major study published in The BMJ analyzed 45 research investigations covering nearly 10 million people. The results are striking: 71% of health outcomes showed direct links between higher ultra-processed food consumption and increased health risks[1][2][3]. This comprehensive review provides some of the strongest evidence yet that diets high in ultra-processed foods are associated with a wide range of serious health problems.

Key Health Risks: What Evidence Shows
The BMJ study found that higher intake of ultra-processed foods is consistently associated with increased risk of at least 32 adverse health outcomes[2][3][4], including:
- High levels of added sugars, unhealthy fats, and salt
- Reduces Risk of Heart Disease and Stroke
- Supports Healthy Weight and Metabolism
- Promotes Brain and Eye Development
- May Lower Risk of Depression and Cognitive Decline[7][8]
- [1] Ultra-processed food exposure and adverse health outcomes – The BMJ
- [2] Ultra-processed food exposure and adverse health outcomes – PubMed
- [3] Consistent evidence links ultra-processed food to over 30 damaging health outcomes – BMJ Group
- [5] What Ultra-Processed Foods Are (and Why They're So Bad for You) – Cleveland Clinic
- [7] 9 Evidence-Based Health Benefits of Eating Fish – Healthline
- [6] Unlocking the power of whole foods: why eating less ultra-processed food is better – Zurich
- [8] What is the healthiest seafood? Here's what dietitians say – Washington Post
- [9] Tuna, Salmon, and Processed Foods – Chicken of the Sea
- [10] Canned Fish v. Fresh Fish: Is One Better than the Other? – Wild for Salmon
- https://www.bmj.com/content/384/bmj-2023-077310
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38418082/
- https://bmjgroup.com/consistent-evidence-links-ultra-processed-food-to-over-30-damaging-health-outcomes/
- https://www.bmj.com/bmj/section-pdf/1094109?path=%2Fbmj%2F384%2F8419%2FResearch.full.pdf
- https://health.clevelandclinic.org/ultra-processed-foods
- https://www.zurich.com.au/latest-news/magazine/my-wellbeing-hub/unlocking-the-power-of-whole-foods
- https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/11-health-benefits-of-fish
- https://www.washingtonpost.com/wellness/2025/06/11/healthiest-seafood-fish-benefits/
- https://b2b.chickenofthesea.com/foodservice/blog/tuna-salmon-and-processed-foods/
- https://www.wildforsalmon.com/blogs/bristol-bay-bulletin/canned-fish-v-fresh-fish-is-one-better-than-the-other
Cardiovascular disease
A 50% increased risk of death from heart-related conditions.
Type 2 diabetes
A 12% higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes for every 10% increase in ultra-processed food intake.
Obesity
Strong links to higher rates of obesity and weight gain.
Cancer
Increased risk of several cancers, including colorectal, breast, and pancreatic cancer.
Mental Health Disorder
A 48–53% higher risk of anxiety and common mental disorders, and a 22% increased risk of depression.
All-cause mortality
A 21% greater risk of death from any cause.
Other Risks
Higher rates of sleep problems, respiratory and gastrointestinal diseases, and adverse metabolic outcomes[2][3][4].
Why Are Ultra-Processed Foods So Harmful?
Ultra-processed foods are not just “processed”—they are industrially manufactured products that often contain:
Artificial additives:
Colours, flavours, emulsifiers, preservatives, and sweeteners
Low levels of essential nutrients:
Vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants are often stripped away during processingThese foods include packaged snacks, sugary cereals, soft drinks, ready meals, reconstituted meat and fish products, and many fast foods[3][5][6].
How do these ingredients harm health?
Promote Overeating:
Engineered for taste and convenience, they encourage excess calorie intake.
Drive Inflammation:
Added sugars, unhealthy fats, and additives can trigger chronic inflammation, a root cause of many diseases.
Disrupt Gut Health:
Lack of fibre and presence of artificial ingredients can harm the gut microbiome.
Increase Disease Risk:
The combination of high energy density, poor nutrient content, and chemical additives is linked to obesity, diabetes, heart disease, and even some cancers[5][6].
Why Seafood—Fresh, Frozen, and Canned—is a Better Choice
Seafood stands in stark contrast to ultra-processed foods. Whether fresh, frozen, or canned, seafood is a nutrient-dense, minimally processed food that offers a host of health benefits:
Nutritional Advantages of Seafood
Rich in High-Quality Protein:
Essential for muscle maintenance and overall health.
Loaded with Omega-3 Fatty Acids:
Supports heart, brain, and eye health; reduces inflammation.
Packed with Vitamins and Minerals:
Including vitamin D, B vitamins, iodine, selenium, and iron[7][8].
Low in Unhealthy Additives:
Most fresh and canned seafood contains few added ingredients, typically just salt or oil in canned varieties[9][10].
Fresh, Frozen, and Canned: All Good Choices
Fresh Seafood:
Unprocessed and nutrient-rich, ideal for those who have access.
Frozen Seafood:
Flash-frozen at peak freshness, retaining nutrients and quality.
Canned Seafood:
Convenient, shelf-stable, and nutritionally comparable to fresh fish—often with added calcium from edible bones (e.g. canned salmon, sardines)[9][10].
Health Benefits of Choosing Seafood
The Bottom Line
The evidence is clear: Ultra-processed foods are linked to a wide range of serious health risks. Their high content of sugars, unhealthy fats, salt, and artificial additives—combined with a lack of essential nutrients—makes them a poor choice for long-term health.
Seafood, whether fresh, frozen, or canned, is a far better option. It’s naturally nutrient-rich, minimally processed, and supports the heart, brain, and overall health. By choosing seafood over ultra-processed foods, you’re making a powerful investment in your well-being.